The brake systems use conventional braking under normal operating conditions. The following components are necessary for operation of conventional braking:
Each front channel consists of the following components:
The following conditions exist under normal operating conditions (base brakes):
The following actions permit the above conditions to exist:
The ABS VI improves the controllability and the steerability of a vehicle during braking. The ABS VI improves the controllability and steerability by controlling the hydraulic pressure that applies to each wheel brake.
Antilock braking occurs when the following conditions exist:
When the above conditions exist, the EBCM allows the ABS brake modulator to change the brake pressure several times per second.
The above action causes the following conditions:
The ABS VI cannot perform the following actions:
The ABS VI provides the following conditions:
If any wheel(s) begin to approach lock-up, the EBCM will control the following components in order to control the brake pressure to the affected wheel(s):
During front wheel ABS operation, the solenoids turn on in order to isolate the brake pressure to the affected wheel(s).
The EBCM then provides controlled current to the motors in order to regulate the following items:
The following actions occur when the EBCM provides controlled current:
If ABS was entered during low brake pressure (such as on ice) and a dry surface is encountered during the reapply action, the piston drives all of the way to the top. Driving the piston to the top position causes the following conditions:
The total brake pressure during ABS must not exceed the brake pressure that was present when ABS was entered.
Reduced pressure on the brake pedal may cause the wheel brake pressure to exceed the brake pressure at the master cylinder. The following actions result when the above condition occurs:
The ABS VI cannot increase the brake pressure above the master cylinder pressure that the driver applies.
The ABS VI cannot apply the brakes by itself.
The following actions occur when the ABS is no longer required:
The operation of the rear channel is similar to operation of the front channels except for the following actions that exist in the rear channel:
No rear solenoid exists. The front brakes perform most of the braking.
If an ABS failure that affects the operation of the rear base brake occurs, the following actions will occur:
The Enhanced Traction System (ETS) is designed to limit wheel slip during acceleration. This objective is accomplished by cutting fuel to selected cylinders, retarding spark and upshifting the transmission. The EBCM monitors wheel speed slip through the ABS wheel speed sensors and determines the desired torque reduction needed to minimize wheel spin. The torque reduction the EBCM requests may result in a combination of fuel cutoff, spark retard, and upshifting the transmission, depending on the torque reduction required. This request is sent from the EBCM through the serial data link to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The PCM then calculates and employs fuel cutoff and spark retard values to achieve the requested engine torque. If the EBCM determines that the engine torque reduction is not sufficient to minimize wheel spin, it will request a transmission upshift.
The ETS will be enabled when the ETS switch is in the ON position (ETS OFF indicator not illuminated), the engine coolant temperature is within normal operating range and the manifold air temperature is within normal operating range.
There are a number of reasons that the ETS will be inhibited or disabled.
Some of the items that can inhibit or disable ETS are:
Refer to Self-Diagnostics for more information.
The ETS OFF switch is a momentary contact switch. The ETS OFF switch enables or disables the enhanced traction system. The ETS switch is located in the shifter handle.
When the EBCM needs to illuminate the ETS OFF or LO TRAC indicator lamps, it will transmit a signal (via serial data link) to the Electronic Instrument Panel Cluster (IPC) and the IPC will illuminate the indicator lamp.
The amber ETS OFF indicator lamp will be illuminated when ETS is disabled or when the driver switches ETS off with the ETS OFF switch. As a bulb check procedure, the EBCM will command the ETS indicator lamp ON for 3 seconds when the EBCM receives power (ignition in RUN position). With the ignition in the OFF/UNLOCK or START positions (loss of serial data), the IPC will illuminate the ETS OFF indicator lamp.
The amber LO TRAC indicator lamp will be illuminated to alert the driver of a low traction situation and to inform the driver the ETS is operating. As a bulb check procedure, the EBCM will command the LO TRAC indicator lamp ON for 3 seconds when the EBCM receives power (ignition in RUN or START positions). With the ignition in the OFF/UNLOCK position (loss of serial data), the IPC will illuminate the LO TRAC indicator lamp.
The Expansion Spring Brake (ESB) holds the piston in the upmost (home) position of the piston.
An ESB is a spring that is retained in a housing at a close tolerance. One end of the spring touches the motor drive dog. The other end of the spring touches the pinion drive dog.
During normal braking, brake pressure exists at the top of the piston. The pressure applies a downward force. The downward force applies a counterclockwise torque to the motor pinion. The motor pinion tries to rotate the spring counterclockwise. The counterclockwise torque expands the spring outward within the housing. Outward expansion of the spring within the housing prevents gear rotation.
The following actions occur when the motor is on and tries to drive the ball screw nut:
The most common application of this principle is in window crank mechanisms. A small amount of force on the crank handle will cause the window to move upward or downward, but the weight of the window (or any pressure on the window) does not cause the window to move downward. In the ESB, the brake pressure at the top of the pistons corresponds to the weight of the window. The motor corresponds to the window crank handle.
The EBCM performs self-diagnostics during initialization.
The EBCM also verifies correct operation of the following components during initialization:
The EBCM inspects the wheel speed sensor circuitry for the following conditions during initialization:
If the EBCM detects a malfunction in itself or in other ABS VI components, the EBCM will perform the following actions:
The following indicators will remain on for approximately three seconds with the key in the RUN position:
The following indicators will turn on during cranking and remain on for approximately three seconds after the engine starts:
The initialization performs during engine cranking and engine starting. A slight mechanical noise may be heard during the system initialization. This noise is normal.
If the brake pedal depresses when the engine starts, the system will not initialize. The system will initialize when one of the following actions occurs:
If brake pedal pressure interrupts the system initialization, a slight movement in the brake pedal may exist.
The standard brake system uses a single red BRAKE warning indicator, which is located in the instrument panel cluster.
The antilock brake system uses the following indicators:
The following indicators will turn on for approximately three seconds and then turn off when the ignition is turned to the RUN position:
Any time when the EBCM determines that the vehicle has entered an enhanced traction event, the amber LO TRAC indicator will turn on. The amber LO TRAC indicator turns on in order to indicate that the ETS is active.
The amber ABS indicator lamp will be illuminated to alert the driver of a malfunction. This indicates that the malfunction affects operation of ABS. Normal (non-antilock) braking will remain. In order to regain ABS braking ability, the ABS must be serviced.
The amber ETS OFF indicator will be illuminated when ETS is disabled or when the driver switches the ETS off with the ETS OFF switch.
The red BRAKE warning lamp will illuminate when the park brake is set (direct input to IPC) or when the brake fluid level switch within the master cylinder reservoir drops below a safe level (commanded by the EBCM via serial data link).
Using the compact spare supplied with the vehicle will not affect the operation of ABS. The EBCM software can compensate for this smaller tire. However, increased stopping distances may occur due to reduced tire tread depth on compact spare tires.
Tire size is important for proper performance of the ABS. Replacement tires should be the same size, load range, and construction as the original tires. Replace tires in axle sets and only with tires of the same Tire Performance Criteria (TPC) specification number. Use of any other tire size or type may seriously affect the ABS operation.
Refer to Tires and Wheels in Suspension for more information.
