Distributor Ignition (DI)
Notice: The distributor used with the OBD II ignition system is located in a
fixed, non-adjustable position. Do not adjust the engine base timing by rotating
this distributor. Otherwise, crossfiring and damage to the distributor will
result.
These ignition systems consist of a distributor with the
following components:
• | A Camshaft Position (CMP) sensor |
• | A separate ignition coil with sealed connectors |
• | A Crankshaft Position (CKP) sensor |
The ignition system is controlled by the Vehicle Control Module (VCM).
The VCM monitors information from various engine sensors. The VCM computes
the desired spark advance timing, and controls the dwell. The VCM also controls
the firing of the ignition coil via an ignition control line to the coil
driver. For more detailed information, refer to Engine Controls.
Electronic Ignition (EI)
The Electronic Ignition (EI) system does not use the conventional distributor
and coil. This ignition system consists of 2 separate ignition coils, an electronic
Ignition Control Module (ICM) and a Crankshaft Position (CKP) sensor. The
related connecting wires and the Ignition Control (IC) portion of the PCM
make up the remainder of the system.
A distributorless ignition system, such as this one, uses a waste spark
method of spark distribution. Each cylinder is paired with the cylinder that
is opposite of it (1-4 or 2-3). The spark occurs simultaneously
in the cylinder coming up on the compression stroke and in the cylinder coming
up on the exhaust stroke.
The cylinder on the exhaust stroke requires very little of available
energy to fire the spark plug. The cylinder on the compression stroke uses
the remaining energy as required. The same process repeats when the cylinders
reverse roles.
It is possible in a no load condition for one plug to fire even though
the spark plug lead from the same coil is disconnected from the other spark
plug. The disconnected spark plug lead acts as one plate of a capacitor,
with the engine being the other plate. These two capacitor plates are charged
as a current surge (spark) jumps across the gap of the connected spark plug.
The plates are then discharged as the secondary energy is dissipated in a
oscillating current across the gap of the spark plug still connected. Because
of the direction of the current flow in the primary winding and thus, in
the secondary winding, one plug fires from the center electrode to the side
electrode while the other fires from the side electrode to the center electrode.
This system utilizes the IC signal from the PCM, as does a distributor
type ignition system equipped with IC, in order to control spark timing. In
order to properly control the ignition timing, the PCM relies on the following
information:
• | The engine load (manifold pressure or vacuum) |
• | The engine coolant temperature |
• | The intake air temperature |
• | The crankshaft Position. |
System Components
The Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
This system uses a magnetic CKP sensor (2), mounted remotely from the
ICM (3), which protrudes into the block within approximately 0.050 inches
from the crankshaft reluctor. The graphic illustrates a typical sensor in
relationship to the crankshaft reluctor. The reluctor is a special wheel which
is cast into the crankshaft with 7 slots machined into the wheel, 6 of which
are equally spaced (60 degrees apart). A seventh slot is spaced 10 degrees
from one of the other slots and serves to generate sync-pules. As the reluctor
rotates as part of the crankshaft, the slots change the magnetic field of
the sensor, creating an induced voltage pules. Based on the CKP sensor pules,
the CKP sensor sends a 7x reference signal to the PCM which is used to indicate
the crankshaft position and the engine speed. The CKP sensor continues to
send these reference pulses to the PCM at a rate of seven times per 360 degrees
of crankshaft revolution. This signal is called the 7x reference because the
signal occurs 7 times per crankshaft revolution. The 7x reference signal is
necessary in order for the PCM to determine when to energize the fuel injectors.
Ignition Coils
Two separate coils are mounted to the ignition coil assembly. Each coil
provides the spark for two plugs simultaneously (waste spark distribution).
Each coil can also be replaced separately.
Ignition Control Module (ICM)
The ICM receives the Ignition Control (IC) signals from the PCM which
in turn triggers the corresponding ignition coils. Since the PCM controls
spark timing and ignition control during crank and run, there is no bypass
mode. The ICM is not repairable. When an ICM is replaced, transfer the remaining
components to the new module.