SERVICE GUILD: INFO. ON THE EFFECT OF FUEL VOLATILITY

REVISION # 1: THIS BULLETIN REVISED TO INCLUDE THE 1993 MODEL YEAR.

REVISION # 2: THIS BULLETIN IS BEING REVISED TO ADD A CUSTOMER LETTER. THE LETTER MAY BE FOUND AT THE END OF THIS TEXT.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

RECENT CHANGES IN EPA REGULATIONS HAVE EFFECTIVELY LOWERED THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FUEL VOLATILITY. VOLATILITY, WHICH CAN BE DEFINED AS A GASOLINE'S ABILITY TO CHANGE FROM A LIQUID TO A VAPOR, DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE AMOUNT OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS PRODUCED BY THE FUEL. LOWER VOLATILITY MEANS THAT LESS UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS WILL BE RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE DURING FUEL STORAGE AND TRANSFER. UNFORTUNATELY, REDUCING FUEL VOLATILITY CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS DURING COLD ENGINE OPERATION WHEN LOW TEMPERATURES LIMIT THE FUEL'S ABILITY TO VAPORIZE AND BURN.

TWO TERMS ARE OFTEN USED TO DESCRIBE VOLATILITY CHARACTERISTICS. THESE ARE:

DISTILLATION CURVE:

O THE DISTILLATION CURVE IS A GRAPH SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF FUEL EVAPORATED. THE FUEL COMPONENTS THAT BOIL AT RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURES (BELOW ABOUT 90 DEGREES F) ARE KNOWN AS THE "LIGHT ENDS" AND ARE ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD COLD ENGINE PERFORMANCE. THE "HEAVY ENDS", WHICH BEGIN TO BOIL AT ABOUT 300 DEGREES F, CONTAIN THE MOST ENERGY BUT ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO BURN. LABORATORY ANALYSIS IS USUALLY REQUIRED TO DETERMINE THE DISTILLATION CURVE OF A GASOLINE SAMPLE.

REID VAPOR PRESSURE (RVP):

O RVP IS THE PRESSURE (PSI) THAT VAPORIZED FUEL EXERTS WITHIN A SEALED CONTAINER AS IT IS HEATED TO 100 DEGREES F. THE HIGHER THE RVP THE HIGHER THE FUEL VOLATILITY. WHILE RVP IS READILY TESTED IN THE FIELD, FUELS OF THE SAME RVP CAN HAVE DIFFERENT DISTILLATION CURVES AND COLD DRIVEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS.

FUEL VOLATILITY WILL VARY DEPENDING ON GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND TIME OF YEAR (FUEL INTENDED TO BE USED IN HIGHER AMBIENT CONDITIONS IS FORMULATED WITH LESS VOLATILITY). THIS CAN MAKE COLD DRIVEABILITY AS BIG A PROBLEM DURING SUMMER MONTHS AS DURING THE WINTER. THERE MAY BE ADDITIONAL VARIATION IN THE VOLATILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMP GASOLINE CAUSED BY THE DIFFERENCES IN FUEL MANUFACTURERS, BLENDS, AND STORAGE TIMES. AS EPA FUEL VOLATILITY STANDARDS ARE LOWERED, VARIATIONS BETWEEN FUELS (WHICH MAY FURTHER REDUCE VOLATILITY) BECOME CRITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING COLD ENGINE PERFORMANCE. NO MATTER HOW THOROUGHLY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUEL QUALITY AND COLD DRIVEABILITY IS UNDERSTOOD, ELIMINATING FUEL QUALITY AS AN ISSUE CAN BE DIFFICULT BECAUSE:

TOOLS WHICH TEST FUEL VOLATILITY MEASURE ONLY RVP, NOT THE DISTILLATION CURVE.

O THE DISTILLATION CURVE HAS A GREATER EFFECT ON COLD DRIVEABILITY THAN RVP.

THE CUSTOMER MAY PERCEIVE RAISING THE FUEL QUALITY ISSUE AS AN ATTEMPT TO EVADE HIS PROBLEM.

O THIS MAY CAUSE DIFFICULTY IN GETTING ACCURATE FUEL USAGE INFORMATION.

WATER AND OTHER TYPES OF FUEL CONTAMINATION MAY CAUSE CONTINUED DRIVEABILITY COMPLAINTS.

O THE PROBLEM SYMPTOMS MAY REMAIN EVEN THOUGH THE VEHICLE HAS BEEN REFUELED SEVERAL TIMES WITH A QUALITY GASOLINE.

CUSTOMER CONCERNS

CONDITION: POOR COLD ENGINE OPERATION SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE - HARD START/EXTENDED CRANK, STALLING, BACKFIRING, HESITATION, ROUGH IDLE, DETONATION, AND/OR LACK OF POWER.

POSSIBLE CAUSE: LOW VOLATILITY FUEL WILL NOT VAPORIZE SUFFICIENTLY TO ALLOW NORMAL COMBUSTION.

CORRECTION: REPLACE FUEL.

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE:

1. PERFORM BASIC SYSTEM CHECKS IN SECTION 6E OF THE SERVICE INFORMATION MANUAL.

2. CHECK FOR SERVICE BULLETINS WHICH RELATE TO COLD DRIVEABILITY ISSUES SPECIFIC TO THE PROBLEM VEHICLE.

O AN UPDATED ENGINE CONTROL CALIBRATION OR SERVICE PROCEDURE MAY BE AVAILABLE TO MAKE THE ENGINE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOW VOLATILITY FUELS.

3. IF BASIC CHECKS DO NOT REVEAL A VEHICLE FAULT, THEN ADVISE THE CUSTOMER THAT FUEL QUALITY MAY BE AN ISSUE. RECOMMEND THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS:

O CHANGE BRANDS OF FUEL O USE 87 OCTANE GASOLINE, UNLESS THE VEHICLE IS DESIGNED FOR PREMIUM GASOLINE. O TRY TO EMPTY THE FUEL TANK AS MUCH AS PRACTICAL BEFORE REFILLING. O RUN A MINIMUM OF THREE TANKS OF NEW FUEL BEFORE RETURNING FOR SERVICE.

4. IF ABOVE STEPS ARE INEFFECTIVE, DO NOT PROCEED WITH ADDITIONAL VEHICLE DIAGNOSIS AND/OR PARTS REPLACEMENT UNTIL THE FUEL TANK HAS BEEN DRAINED AND REFILLED WITH A KNOWN GOOD QUALITY GASOLINE AT THE DEALERSHIP.

5. IF THE PROBLEM REMAINS, REFER TO SERVICE INFORMATION MANUAL, SERVICE BULLETINS, AND/OR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM.

REFERENCE INFORMATION

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING FUEL AND ITS EFFECT ON ENGINE DRIVEABILITY CAN BE FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING BOOKLETS AND THEIR COMPANION VIDEO TAPES.

OLDSMOBILE SERVICE ALERT (92-3): TODAY'S FUEL AND ITS EFFECT ON DRIVEABILITY.

BUICK KNOW-HOW (KH-139): DRIVEABILITY DIAGNOSIS: FUELS

THE NEXT PAGE EXPLAINS, IN BASIC TERMS, THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FUELS. THIS PAGE MAY BE COPIED AND DISTRIBUTED TO OWNERS YOU FEEL MAY HAVE A PROBLEM WITH FUEL.

DEAR CADILLAC OWNER:

AS WITH MANY OTHER THINGS YOU PUT IN YOUR VEHICLE, THE FUEL YOU USE AFFECTS THE WAY YOUR VEHICLE OPERATES. YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED THAT YOUR ENGINE RUNS DIFFERENTLY FOR A WHILE AFTER FILLING UP AT A GAS STATION YOU DO NOT NORMALLY USE. UNFORTUNATELY, THE FUEL YOU USE CAN EVEN CAUSE PROBLEMS SUCH AS HARD STARTING, STALLING, BACK- FIRING, HESITATION, ROUGH IDLE, LACK OF POWER, OR SPARK KNOCK.

ALTHOUGH FUEL MAY LOOK THE SAME EVERYWHERE, ALL FUELS ARE NOT THE SAME. FUELS ARE BLENDED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON THE TIME OF YEAR THE FUEL IS BLENDED, BY WHOM, AND IN WHAT PART OF THE COUNTRY. EVEN AFTER THE FUEL IS BLENDED, IT CAN CHANGE BASED ON WHERE AND HOW LONG IT IS STORED. ALSO, THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RECENTLY CHANGED THE GUIDELINES USED TO BLEND FUELS. ALL OF THESE FACTORS AFFECT FUEL PROPERTIES WHICH IN TURN AFFECT THE WAY YOUR VEHICLE PERFORMS.

CONSEQUENTLY, IF YOU BRING YOUR VEHICLE IN WITH A DRIVEABILITY CONCERN LIKE ONE OF THOSE LISTED ABOVE, YOUR DEALER MAY REPLACE THE FUEL IN YOUR TANK OR ASK YOU TO CHANGE THE GAS STATION YOU USE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME TO DETERMINE IF THE FUEL YOU ARE GETTING IS THE CAUSE OF THE CONDITION. IF YOUR DEALER MENTIONS FUEL IS THE CAUSE OF A CONCERN OR SUGGESTS SWITCHING GAS STATIONS TO SEE IF FUEL IS THE CAUSE, PLEASE FOLLOW THEIR INSTRUCTIONS. YOUR DEALER IS BEST EQUIPPED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT FUEL IS THE CAUSE OF THE CONDITION.

AS ALWAYS, THE AIM OF CADILLAC AND YOUR CADILLAC DEALER IS TO SATISFY YOU, THE CUSTOMER, WITH OUR VEHICLES. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR CONCERNS ABOUT YOUR CADILLAC, WE STAND READY TO SERVE YOU.

CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION

GENERAL MOTORS BULLETINS ARE INTENDED FOR USE BY PROFESSIONAL TECHNICIANS, NOT A "DO-IT-YOURSELFER". THEY ARE WRITTEN TO INFORM THOSE TECHNICIANS OF CONDITIONS THAT MAY OCCUR ON SOME VEHICLES, OR TO PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT COULD ASSIST IN THE PROPER SERVICE OF A VEHICLE. PROPERLY TRAINED TECHNICIANS HAVE THE EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND KNOW-HOW TO DO A JOB PROPERLY AND SAFELY. IF A CONDITION IS DESCRIBED, DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE BULLETIN APPLIES TO YOUR VEHICLE, OR THAT YOUR VEHICLE WILL HAVE THAT CONDITION. SEE A GENERAL MOTORS DEALER SERVICING YOUR BRAND OF GENERAL MOTORS VEHICLE FOR INFORMATION ON WHETHER YOUR VEHICLE MAY BENEFIT FROM THE INFORMATION.

COPYRIGHT 1992 GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.